What is Price Skimming And How does it Work In the Market

What is Price Skimming And How does it Work In the Market What Is Price Skimming Summary What Is Price SkimmingHow it Works?Price Skimming AdvantagesPerceived qualityCost recoveryHigh profitabilityBenefits of Vertical supply chainPrice Skimming DisadvantagesDeterrenceSales volume limitationIneffective long-term strategyConsumer loyaltyFoundation of Price SkimmingPrice Skimming LimitsAt the institutional levelAt market levelAt brand levelAt retailer levelAt the customer levelConclusion Price skimming is a pricing strategy of a product in which the highest starting price charges by a firm that consumers will pay and formerly lowers it with time. As the first customers demand, it is satisfied, and competition in the market enters, the firm to attract another lowers the price and population more price-sensitive segment. The strategy of skimming gets its name as skimming customer segments or successive cream layers after a while; prices are lowered. The “skimming” name originates from the idea of exploring all potential buyers such as a stack â€" those on the top are eager to pay the maximum, even though those by the bottom wish to pay the minimum. How it Works? It is frequently used when a product of a new type enters the market. The aim is to collect as much revenue as likely when the demand of consumers is high, as well as competition in the market hasn’t entered. When those goals were met, the creator of the original product can lower the product prices to attract buyers who are more cost-conscious through remaining competitive on the way to any lower-cost copier items in the market entered. Firms frequently use skimming for the cost of development recovery. Price Skimming is a beneficial strategy in the given settings: Adequate potential customers are willing to buy a high priced product.The high price of a product doesn’t attract competitors.The price lowering ought to have only a slight effect on rising sales volume as well as decreasing unit costs.The high price is taken as a high-quality sign. Price Skimming Advantages Perceived quality It aids build a high-quality product perception and image. Cost recovery To a firm, it helps in recovering its development costs quickly. High profitability For the company, it creates a high-profit margin. Benefits of Vertical supply chain It assists distributors in earning a higher percentage. The price increase on a product of $500 is far more significant than on a $5 product. Price Skimming Disadvantages Deterrence If the firm incapable of validating its high price, customers may not be eager to buy the product. Sales volume limitation A firm might not be capable of economies of scale use if a skim price creates inadequate sales. Ineffective long-term strategy It isn’t a feasible long-term strategy of pricing as competitors will ultimately enter the market with the pressure of rival pricing and products. Consumer loyalty If a product that costs 1,000 dollars at launch has a follow-on $200 price of in some months, innovators primary adopters may feel exploited. So, if the firm has a price skimming history, consumers may wait for some months before buying the product. Foundation of Price Skimming Price skimming used for profit maximization when a new service or product deployed. So, the pricing strategy is effective in an advanced product in which the firm is the 1st to enter the market. In this strategy, the aim is to produce the maximum profit in the small-time period possible instead of maximum sales. It enables a firm to recover quickly. Its sunk costs formerly increased pricing pressure and competition. Price Skimming Limits It is fundamentally limited in 5 diverse ways: At the institutional level It is a complex price discrimination form. Price discrimination in maximum countries is illegal as well as price skimming could consequently be a risky strategy to adopt for companies. At market level Skimming frequently gives rise to high margins. Meanwhile, high margins are very attractive; competitors will desire to enter into the market with a similar or a highly comparable product, creating the skimming effect disappear slowly. At brand level If it turns out to be too clear for customers that a firm is using a skimming strategy of pricing for any specified product, they will whether wait for the product price to drop before buying or be dissatisfied if they have already bought this product at an excessive price. At retailer level Skimming infers that selling a product at a lower price, beginning at a high price and slowly decreasing it further further. At the customer level Price Skimming is related to price discrimination after a while, and so indicates that a product will be dispersed more gradually. Conclusion Price skimming includes fixing a high price before other competitors enter the market. This is frequently used for a new product launch that faces no or little competition â€" typically because of certain technological features. It also has some advantages and disadvantages. We offer Price skimming assignment help to our clients. We have experts to provide assignment help to students. 247 services are available to all of the high quality at nominal pricing. Even provide solutions that are plagiarized-free and within a time limit.

Philosophy - 700 Words

Josie Bechler and Emilie Konen Part 1 1. Are any of the lab values in Table 1 out of normal range? Do you see some that are too high or too low? The serum creatine levels, the BUN, the urinary potassium, the serum pH and sodium clacium are high. The sodium levels were low. 2. Which of the lab values gives you information about how Mrs. Burroughs’ kidneys are functioning? The BUN and creatine levels 3. Does Mrs. Burroughs have acidosis or alkalosis? Why do you think this? She has alkalosis based on her high pH level. 4. Why is the physician interested in Mrs. Burroughs’ kidney function? All the symptoms that were described were based on the kidney functions, so more and further examination on the kidneys is needed 5. What else†¦show more content†¦5. What are normal levels for PTH? 150-300 pg/ml Part 31. What enzyme catalyzes the formation of H2 CO3 from CO2 and H2O? (This enzyme also catalyzes the formation of H2 O and CO2 from H2 CO3 .) It is carbonic anhydrase. 2. The diagram above (Figure 1) outlines the mechanism by which H+ is actively secreted into the PCT of the kidney nephron. What other substances must be transported from the tubular fluid into the PCT cell (across the apical or luminal membrane) or from the PCT cell into the interstitial fluid (across the basolateral membrane) as part of the transport of the H+? Potassium ions, Hydrogen ions, Ammonium ions, creatinine, urea, and hormones. 3. What would happen to the amount of H+ secreted into the renal tubule if the activity of the Na+ /K+ ATPase were increased? Are there diseases or other conditions that might enhance the activity of this sodium pump? If there is more NA it the ATPase will have trouble pumping correctly causing problems in the kidneys and urination. Part 41. Is there a problem with Mrs. Burroughs’ breathing? What kind of change (if any) do you expect to see in the respirations of a person with metabolic alkalosis? There is no problem in her breathing at this time, but eventually there may be shortness in breath which can cause apnea and cyanosis. 2. Can you draw a diagram that shows how the respiratory system, under the control of the central nervous system, responds toShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the attempt at answering or understanding the questions that the being who is philosophizing yearns to know or wishes to understand. The importance of what the philosopher wishes to know or understand is not a determinate factor in what it means to do philosophy. The act of doing philosophy is not defined by the subject of examination but by the driving passion of knowing and understanding. This means that an individual that wishes to know why a laptop is a laptop or why is it thatRead MorePhilosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1292 Words   |  6 Pages As a student at Richland college, I have never studied philosophy before, and I have heard very bizarre claims about what philosophy is. For that reason, I wanted to take a philosophy class so I can learn more about it. Due to lack of knowledge, I used to think philosophy as involving a kind of mystical significant, sometimes resulting from observing problems without solutions. In addition, sometimes I accustomed that philosophy is nothing more than a name that does nothing more than feelingsRead MorePhilosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1035 Words   |  5 Pages As a student in Richland college, I have never studied philosophy before, and I have heard very bizarre claims about what philosophy is. For that reason, I wanted to take a philosophy class so I can learn more about it. 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We often ask questions, which in turn led us to the discovery of the discipline of philosophy. The primary reason for philosophy is to gainRead MorePhilosophy And Its Importance Of Philosophy861 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy and Its Importance Doing philosophy as many philosophers demonstrate over time and in the present is to simply question the understanding of what is known and not known or accepted and unaccepted. This is to say, that philosophers must question all aspects of life and all the surrounding dimensions of the world. In doing so, the philosopher is trying to grasp a firmer or different understanding of the truth that is either presently or not presently known; whether comforting or not comfortingRead MorePlato, Philosophy, And Philosophy929 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Plato is philosophy, and philosophy, Plato.† – Ralph Waldo Emerson. This was the first quote I read regarding Plato when I first picked up the Great Dialogues of Plato, and turned it over to read the back cover. This quote struck me for some unknown reason and I instantly couldn’t wait to begin reading the dialogues of Plato and begin to understand why he is regarded as one of the great philosophers. The first pi ece I read, was The Apology, spoken by the great philosopher Socrates and writtenRead MorePhilosophy And The Modern Philosophy2035 Words   |  9 PagesUpon talking about the history of modern philosophy, one of the most important philosophers, who is considered as the father of the philosophy in this period, is Descartes. He was a pioneer for the movement of the new trend of philosophy and became a break between the medieval philosophy and the modern philosophy. Being educated in the environment of medieval philosophy, specifically in the school of Jesuits, Descartes received the system of scholastic philosophy as his foundation for making a new startRead MorePhilosophy624 Words   |  3 PagesSurname Instructor Course Date Survey of Mexican Philosophical Thought The philosophy of the Mexicans is a production of philosophers from ancestries from Mexico, residing either within or outside the country. The general philosophy surfaced with the introduction of the first school by the Spanish conquerors, with teaching and publications on philosophical treaties. As such, it is critical to deny that these thinkers got education from the European schools, making it quite impossible

The Issue Of Global Warming - 1338 Words

Over the past years, the controversial issue of global warming has been primarily brought to the attention of the public. Global warming is generally assumed to be the main cause of rising average global temperature. The climate on the Earth is changing and there is no big surprise. It is believed that global warming is caused by many natural and manmade activities, which is affecting the planet by the seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years. Many may not even care about this serious issue, but others harm for the future generations. Global warming has become a serious threat to everything and every human being on earth and demands our immediate attention. The author, Stuart D. Jordan believed that there’s is enough evidence that strongly†¦show more content†¦Some other harmful effects the author mention in the article is the rate of melting, loss of sea ice, and more intense heat waves. It will affect the earth in the future in many ways such as; cause temperature to rise up, changes in precipitation patterns, more droughts and heat waves, hurricanes will become stronger and more intense. Although there are possible benefits of global warming on plants and food the harmful effect will significantly outweigh these benefits. Another important point the author explained in his article is the Greenhouse effect and its contribution to global warming. Earth’s atmosphere acts as this blanket because it contains small amounts of carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and other gases in the atmosphere known as greenhouse gases. These gases help retain heat through a vital process called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect occurs when sunlight passes through the atmosphere and strikes the earth some of the light is reflected and some is absorbed, and that absorbed light warms the surface of the earth. This is a natural process that is required to keep planet sustainable. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold for human beings, or any other living thing, to survive. Due to the burning of large amounts of coal oil and natural gas, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere hasShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Global Warming1652 Words   |  7 PagesWhen the issue of global warmi ng comes up in conversations, people usually groan and avoid conversation, and many roll up their sleeves and prepare for a heated debate. Some people feel culpable and concerned; others simply do not care. There exist many contrasting viewpoints which yield very distinctive stances on the subject. While many people may claim disregard on the issue, the media has broadcasted substantial data showing gradual rise in global temperature and the topic has been discussedRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of global warming is controversial and there are people claiming that global warming is only a fiction instead of a fact. However, research from scientists found that at the beginning of 2000, unprecedented warming was recorded and the Arctic ice has melted to the lowest levels in the recorded history. Moreover, the sea level has also risen by eight inches since 1870 (â€Å"The Scientific Truth about Climate Change†). Although natural forcing mechanisms alone cannot explain the formation ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1504 Words   |  7 Pagesaffecting you all. It’s about global warming. This issue will more than likely take away from everyone in the end, or at least humanity’s efforts to be a greater civilization, if you don’t take care of it. My question is, why aren’t you? For billions of years your Earth withstood countless hardships and has since lived among the cosmos, but now it’s going to be intoxicated and fall ill in a manner of hundreds of years, because of you? Global warming is the issue of the earth warming up due to man’s technologicalRead MoreGlobal Warming and its Issues1198 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Global warming is perhaps one of the most urgent and complicated global issues we face today. While there are those who dispute the very nature as well as causes of the global warming phenomenon, available data clearly indicates that the planet is becoming warmer. This text revisits the issue of global warming. In so doing, compelling evidence will be presented in an attempt to prove that the global warming phenomenon is indeed real. 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Since the Industrial Revolution, human emissions has quadrupled the frequency of certain heat extremes and many scientists have warned that a failure to bring greenhouse gases under control could eventually lead to a 62-fold increase in extreme heat blasts (Gillis Justin A17). Most of the increase is dueRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Global Issue Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesIn the recent years, global warming has taken an increasingly prominent role in the international society. Today, the great debate over the existence of global warming is over; almost everyone believes that global warming is a real issue that must be addressed. The world is now at the step in which it must take action to combat climate change. In the push to do this, many countries report their carbon emissions. However, in reporting our carbon emissions, many people are jumping to conclusions byRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming941 Words   |  4 Pagesthat of global warming. So far, I seem to want to change my thesis everyday; but this is how it stands for the moment. Americans need to work together as well as with other nations to take immediate action to reduce our environmental footprint in efforts to reverse or cease global warming. I feel this thesis clearly states my position, as well as the point of the paper. I still want to play around with the wording, especially at the end of it. I feel that global warming is a serious issue that shouldRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming978 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause of global warming, yet there are some who ignore it and there are some who even deny the plausibility of global warming. An article written in 2016 from LiveScience.org proves the Earths temperature has been increasing at an average of 1.35 degree’s Celsius per year. This slight change is dra stic for northern territories. Countries such as Greenland have reached temperatures they haven’t reached for thousands of years since humans first began walking the planet. Global warming is caused fromRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1701 Words   |  7 Pages The Issue of Global Warming Even though some people believe that there is no such thing as global warming, there has been significant evidence that the Earth is warming. Most scientists believe that the main cause of global warming is human influence. The burning of fossil fuels and the use of fertilizers are the main contributors to the heating of the Earth. Many problems occur as a result of the climate changing. As the climate changes, some animals may become extinct, there is a rise in sea

Is this a fair that Men and Women are becoming more equal Free Essays

It is true to say that often through out time, in various circumstances and situations, individuals have been discriminated based on their gender. We would think that after numerous years of battle for equality, we would have reached the point where the role of men and women at home merged and the different responsibilities shared. Although there is no generally accepted way of measuring inequality between husbands and wives, different researchers have measured it in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Is this a fair that Men and Women are becoming more equal or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, most find little evidence that inequality in marriage has been significantly reduced. Willmott and Young used the word ‘symmetry’ to describe the duties of husbands and wives as the idea of symmetry describes a ‘sense of balance’ between the tasks which are carried out. They believe that women took the major responsibilities of domestic labour and child care, men are spending an equal amount of time on home centred activities. Relationships of this type are known as joint conjugal roles whereby tasks are shared. However Willmott and Young have been severely critisized on their assumptions being based on ‘typical, metropolitan white families’ over looking family diversity present in society. The term ‘symmetry’ does not represent the idea of equality it is intended to. Evidence illustrates the diversity of modern family structure and so the idea of any family being typical in not very realistic. Apparently their sociology same about from a very ‘male stream sociology’ so a woman who worked outside the house is believed, is still responsible for the home. There is some support for their work where Gershuny, who studied the amount of time spent by couples on domestic labour found that the ‘proportion of housework performed by husbands has increased as wives have taken on paid employment’. Combining work and family is an important issue not only because it concerns a great part of the population and because it is one of the key issues of equali ty. It is also a big problem in the everyday lives of people, because both women and men may have full time jobs. Edgell examined the decision making between husbands and wives and found that women tended to dominate in choices made on the basis of domestic spending and children’s necessities where as men in areas that were considered more important such as moving homes and finance in general. The study of money management carried out by Pahl illustrated that just over a quarter of the couples in her study had this system in which there was a fair degree of equality. According to Duncombe and Marsden many women in their study expressed dissatisfaction with their partner;s emotional input into the family and most men did not acknowledg that emotion work needed to be done and it again, shows the responsibility placement on women. Concluding evidence on the inequality within family life as suggested by a study by Dunne shows that women are still a long way from achieving equality within marriage. Her enquiry into lesbian households showed that an equitable domestic division of labour can be achieved however it is harder when in a culture that differentiates so clearly between masculinity and femininity stereotypes. Traditional roles that were once adapted to suit the changes from extended families to nuclear have survived into our own century and as much as some of us would like to see the developments of equality, this will be a slow process. Working life sets conditions on people’s use of time far beyond the workplace and the working hours. We know that integrating these two parts of life is one of the greatest challenges parents face in their everyday life. The daily schedule of any family with children is probably among the toughest. How to cite Is this a fair that Men and Women are becoming more equal, Papers

Irony in Short Stories Essay Example

Irony in Short Stories Essay The uses of irony can easily captivate or excite us. Many times in order to understand the morals or theme of a story you need to be able to recognise the irony. In the short stories, â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† by Roald Dahl, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† by O Henry and â€Å"The Suit† by Can Themba various forms of irony are present. These forms of irony include: verbal, situational and dramatic irony. The first story â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† is about Mary Meloney, a devoted caring wife that ends up killing her much loved husband after he tells her something drastically upsetting one evening.The murder weapon is the frozen leg of lamb she was planning to prepare for dinner. She sneakily covers up her actions so not to get caught. Dramatic Irony Plays its role when Mary went to the store after killing her husband. She acted as if nothing happened and gave the grocery clerk the idea that everything was fine. This is ironic because the clerk thinks Mr Me loney is at home waiting for his dinner, but we know he is dead. Another example is when the policemen are eating the leg of lamb and one refers to the murder weapon as probably right under their very noses.This is ironic because it is in fact right under their noses. â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† usually refers to an innocent, naive person led to danger. In this story, a leg of lamb is literally used to slaughter Mr Meloney and deducting from Marys reaction after he spoke to her, he was not innocent. This is situational irony. Verbal irony occurs when Mary learns that Patrick is leaving her. He ends up having the lamb Mary offered, but certainly not in the way she first intended. The Suit is about a highly affectionate husband,Philemon, that learns his dearest wife, Matilda is unfaithful.He walks into the scene of crime causing the â€Å"other man† to run away, leaving his suit behind. As her punishment she has to treat the suit like a third member in the family. Verba l irony is present in Philemons tone and choice of words when he finds his wife commiting adultery. He sarcastically speaks to her cheerfully as if she had done nothing wrong. He does not display any anger as one would expect. He loves his wife so dearly, but treats her cruelly towards the end. He is hostile towards her, yet wants him in his life.His aim is to embarrass her, but he doesnt want the world to know why. This is an example of situational irony. In the beginning of the story Matilda is loving and caring towards him while ironically cheating on him. The story ends with Matilda dying of a broken heart and throughout the tale she was embarrassed by Philemon, when in actual fact he is the one thats heart got broken and was humiliated. The gift of the magi is about Delia and Jim Young a young married couple with very little money.Delia sells her much loved hair in order to to by Jim a Christmas gift and Jim does the same by selling his most precious possession, his gold watch. Delia buys Jim a platinum watch chain and Jim buys Delia a set of combs for her hair. They cannot use each others gifts. The ultimate irony portrayed in the story is the situational irony that occurs at the end of the tale. We realise that because Jim and Delia both sold what they love most in order to buy each other a gift, they now cannot use their gifts.In the end the greatest gift given is the knowledge that they were both willing to make this sacrifice on behalf of each others happiness. Thus Jim and Delia , although apparently â€Å"foolish† in the eyes of the world, ironically come closest to the original spirit of present giving. In conclusion it is evident that irony plays a significant role in the mentioned short stories. The uses of irony can easily captivate or excite us. Many times in order to understand the morals or theme of a story you need to be able to recognise the irony.In the short stories, â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† by Roald Dahl, â€Å"The Gi ft of the Magi† by O Henry and â€Å"The Suit† by Can Themba various forms of irony are present. These forms of irony include: verbal, situational and dramatic irony. | The first story â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† is about Mary Meloney, a devoted caring wife that ends up killing her much loved husband after he tells her something drastically upsetting one evening. The murder weapon is the frozen leg of lamb she was planning to prepare for dinner. She sneakily covers up her actions so not to get caught. Dramatic Irony Plays its role when Mary went to the store after killing her husband. She acted as if nothing happened and gave the grocery clerk the idea that everything was fine.This is ironic because the clerk thinks Mr Meloney is at home waiting for his dinner, but we know he is dead. | Another example is when the policemen are eating the leg of lamb and one refers to the murder weapon as probably right under their very noses. This is ironic because it is in fac t right under their noses. | â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† usually refers to an innocent, naive person led to danger. In this story, a leg of lamb is iterally used to slaughter Mr Meloney and deducting from Marys reaction after he spoke to her, he was not innocent. This is situational irony. | Verbal irony occurs when Mary learns that Patrick is leaving her. He ends up having the lamb Mary offered, but certainly not in the way she first intended. | The Suit is about a highly affectionate husband,Philemon, that learns his dearest wife, Matilda is unfaithful. He walks into the scene of crime causing the â€Å"other man† to run away, leaving his suit behind. As her punishment she has to treat the suit like a third member in the family. Verbal irony is present in Philemons tone and choice of words when he finds his wife commiting adultery. He sarcastically speaks to her cheerfully as if she had done nothing wrong. He does not display any anger as one would expect. | He love s his wife so dearly, but treats her cruelly towards the end. He is hostile towards her, yet wants him in his life.His aim is to embarrass her, but he doesnt want the world to know why. This is an example of situational irony. | In the beginning of the story Matilda is loving and caring towards him while ironically cheating on him. The story ends with Matilda dying of a broken heart and throughout the tale she was embarrassed by Philemon, this is dramatically ironic because in actual fact he is the one thats heart got broken and was humiliated. | The gift of the magi is about Delia and Jim Young a young married couple with very little money. Delia sells her much loved hair in order to to by Jim a Christmas gift and Jim does the same by selling his most precious possession, his gold watch. Delia buys Jim a platinum watch chain and Jim buys Delia a set of combs for her hair. They cannot use each others gifts. The ultimate irony portrayed in the story is the situational irony that occu rs at the end of the tale. We realise that because Jim and Delia both sold what they love most in order to buy each other a gift, they now cannot use their gifts. | In the end the greatest gift given is the knowledge that they were both willing to make this sacrifice on behalf of each others happiness. | Thus Jim and Delia , although apparently â€Å"foolish† in the eyes of the world, ironically come closest to the original spirit of present giving. | In conclusion it is evident that irony plays a significant role in the mentioned short stories. |

3 Types of Word Treatment

3 Types of Word Treatment 3 Types of Word Treatment 3 Types of Word Treatment By Mark Nichol Spelling, capitalization, and italicization are three aspects of writing that careful writers will attend to. This post discusses the importance of recognizing standards and making conscious decisions when contemplating deviating from them. Spelling Employing proper spelling is one of the fundamentals of composition. Unfortunately, the explosive increase in writing opportunities afforded by the internet and social media makes it easier for careless writers to spread viral errors. Where in the past, few print publications would allow mistakes like definately and predominately, today, such misspellings are rampant on websites and blogs and in texts, not to mention in some professionally produced print publications and on occasional television broadcasts- including in chyrons, the electronically generated captions that appear below talking heads on TV. Deteriorating writing skills and declining editing standards result in frequent spelling errors, and the only effective defense is a good offense: Proactively double-check spelling- using not just spell-checking functions (which are not infallible) but also print or online dictionaries (which are virtually perfectly reliable). Dictionaries and other writing resources also protect writers from using incorrect or outdated word forms. For example, the few remaining hyphenated compound nouns are undergoing an evolution, as writers increasingly omit the hyphen and treat these terms as closed compounds- sometimes in a conscious decision to accelerate what is almost always an inevitable process but far more often simply out of ignorance. Changes from, for example, mind-set to mindset and start-up to startup are inevitable, but the former choice in each case is still the form listed in most dictionaries, so avoid the variant until it becomes the norm. Capitalization Capitalization, which, with few exceptions, denotes a proper noun, in such usage distinguishes the specific from the generic, but it is employed erroneously primarily in two contexts. First, generic job titles are often mistakenly capitalized. When Jane Smith is identified as a senator, capitalize the job title if it appears before her name: â€Å"Senator Jane Smith.† And when the job title substitutes for the person’s name in direct address- when someone says or writes, for example, â€Å"Excuse me, Senator, do you have a moment?† the word is capitalized. In government or legal documents, the â€Å"publisher† may insist on capitalizing the job title even in isolation: â€Å"The Senator abstained.† But in all other usage, the term is generic- Jane Smith is being described as one of those entities designated as a senator. Take care, too, about capitalizing only exact job titles. When referring to Thomas Jones, whose official designation is director of communications and marketing, write â€Å"Director of Communications and Marketing Thomas Jones,† to be formal, or â€Å"marketing director Thomas Jones,† in more casual contexts, but not â€Å"Marketing Director Thomas Jones.† (And after the name, the job title is almost invariably not capitalized; a rare exception is the exact name of an endowed professorship. Capitalization is also standard after names on lists, on rà ©sumà ©s, and so on.) In addition, descriptions of people that identify their profession or role but are not formal job titles are not capitalized: â€Å"The truck belongs to electrician John Smith†; â€Å"She thanked team captain Mary Jones for her support.† Similarly, a term identifying a nonliving entity should be capitalized only as part of the full name: for example, â€Å"the Mississippi River,† but â€Å"the river† (with exceptions for poetic license, as when such an entity is personified), or â€Å"the Development Committee,† but â€Å"the committee† (again, in legalese, such terms may appear capitalized). Italicization Italics serve to call attention to a word, phrase, or sentence; two primary functions are to identify a foreign term and to emphasize one or more words the writer wishes the reader to notice. However, the pitfall in the case of both functions is overuse. In the case of apparently foreign words or phrases, double-check that the term is in fact still technically considered foreign; many such words and phrases have been assimilated into English (evidenced by their inclusion in English dictionaries) and are no longer considered to require emphasis. (Note, too, that some writers and publishers decide that when a foreign term is used repeatedly in one piece of content, and it is defined or explained on first reference, it is italicized only in that first instance.) And when considering whether to italicize a word, phrase, or sentence to make it stand out, think twice about whether the emphasis is merited or helpful; frequent employment of any tool or technique can diminish its effectivenes s. A third common function of italics is to call attention to a word being used to name itself rather than the concept for which the word stands; compare â€Å"Moron originally denoted a mildly retarded person† and â€Å"A moron is a stupid person.† Because of this distinction, italics should not be employed to introduce a term unless the word is described as a word, as in the disclaimer â€Å"In observing the historical context of psychiatry in the early twentieth century, we use moron according to its original medical definition: ‘a mildly retarded person.’† In spelling, capitalization, and italicization, as in any aspect of writing, the writer or publisher may choose to deviate from accepted standards, but the ultimate consideration should be whether the reader is being served by a decision that affects one or more aspects, or whether communication is being compromised rather than enhanced. In addition, a writer may ignore these standards for artistic reasons, such as in representing dialect or a fictional character’s illiteracy or overly emphatic speech patterns. Again, however, the writer should weigh the consequences of such a decision and practice moderation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†9 Forms of the Past Tense

The term high concept

The term high concept The term high concept The term high concept By Maeve Maddox This is a term much heard in connection with movies, but literary agents also use it: I love high-concept books. A lot of the books I read and represent are high concept and get a lot of film interest. I define high concept as a premise that can be boiled down into one sentence and sets it apart from other stories by its unique hook or angle. Paige Wheeler, literary agent One OED definition is high concept: adj. Of a film, television show, etc.: based on a striking and easily communicable plot or idea; (also) relating to or characteristic of such productions. Sometimes high concept is used in a derogatory sense to refer to a dumbed-down story that will appeal to a mass audience: 2003 Independent 30 Apr. I. 3/1 The so-called ‘high concept’ pitch has long been considered a byword for crass commercialism in the film world, a symptom of studio executives reluctance to focus on anything for more than a minute. OED illustration According to screenwriter Steve Kaire, its the premise that makes a story idea high concept. The premise or logline is the core of High Concept. My comprehensive definition of High Concept is comprised of five requirements, each of which is mandatory. Kaires five requirements are: an original premise mass audience appeal story-specific pitch easy-to-see story potential a pitch no longer than three sentences Alexis Niki at AbsoluteWrite adds the requirement of an empathetic hero who is dealing with a BIG problem. James Bonnet at scriptforsale thinks that a high concept story should have a great title. Certainly the following movie blockbusters have titles that suggest the theme of their stories: Armageddon Titanic Jaws Star Wars Twister Jurassic Park Perhaps the most important ingredient in a high concept work is the same one that every good story requires: a main character with whom the reader or viewer can identify. The chief difference between a high concept story and a regular story is that the main characters success or failure will have huge consequences for others. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Acronym vs. InitialismAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt